Radar training system



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RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM /A/veyvra! F/veoEp/c/v E F2644 Posez? T 0. 50A 6 TEF irren/vir Nov. Q, 1954 Filed Dec. 21, 1944 R. o. BoLsTER ETAL 2,693,647

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM l2 Sheets-Sheet 6 12 Sheets-Sheet 7 Ffa. 5

R. O. BOLSTER ETAL RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM Nov, 9, i954 Filed Deo. 21, 1944 2 3 4 5 6 7 m H. .m. 3 n n H c u N H n W M WW W Wm Wm i f n C f L n A u M 4 J A 0 i!lll W11 Ww@ un www Z m f i m mi m lw rWLm ,TL; m EL; u L 1 M u C r i r u z w :M F c E W E C H c H H N H M M w n M H y y w QONE vSWITCH FOI? EACH REGE/l/El?v Nov. 9, 1954 Filed Dec. 21, 1944 R. o. BoLsTER Erm. 2,693,647

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM 12 Sheets-Sheet 8 NOV 9, 1954 R. o. BOLSTER Erm. 29693547 RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM Filed Dec. 2l, 1944 12 Sheecs-Sheet 9 /c/G. /O

FQEUEQ/(K F. F0654 koferd SOLS TE/a NOV. 9, 1954 R, Q BQLSTER TAL 2,693,647

ARADR TRAINING SYSTEM Filed Dec. 2l, 1944 l2 Sheets-Sheet 10 @055,97- O. 5oz. 6 715/? fvg/M2M@ Wu' MoH/Vey NOV 9 1954 R. o. BOLSTER ETAL 2,693,547

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM Filed Dec. 21, 1944 l2 Sheets-Sheei'1 11` 7'0 OTHER SIM/LAR lmp/Vey Nov. 9, 3954 R. o. BoLsTER ETAL RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM 12 Sheets-Sheet l2 Filed Dec. 2l, 1944 AAAAAAA vvvvvvvv AAAAAAAA vvvvvvvv @T w m@ RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM Robert O. Bolster, Lansing, Mich., and Frederick F. Fagal, Stratford, Conn.

Application December 21, 1944, Serial No. 569,245

23 Claims. 13S-10.4)

(Granted under Title 35, U. S. Code (1952), sec. 266) This invention relates to methods and apparatus for training operators of electronic equipment hereinafter referred to as radar, or radio object-locating systems.

It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus suitable -for training operatorsof radio object-locating apparatus.

Itis another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus that will substantially duplicate in radio object-locating equipment the electrical conditions that would appear in the equipment when an actual moving vobject or objects are detected by the equipment.

Another object of this invention is to provide a radar training apparatus capable of simultaneous training of many operators.

Stillanother object of our invention is to provide the necessary electrical circuits required to simulate actual target eifects in a radio object-locating system.

The training apparatus and method is hereinafter described `as being used with a particular class or" radar equipment, but it is understood that the apparatus and principles used therein may be utilized in other radar trainers and other types of electrical and electronic equipment.

Heretofore,-radar trainers have been found wanting .due to vthe fact that they did not duplicate conditions found under actual operating conditions. This resulted vin operators that were unable to make accurate observations and conclusions from observed data. Our invention overcomes this defect by substantially duplicating `electrical conditions existing in a radio object locating system upon detection of a moving target or object.

Radar apparatus generally comprises a transmitter capable of sending out into space a highly directive beam of -inter-mittent high power pulses of radio energy, and a receiver which is capable of receiving reflections of the transmitted pulses caused when an object is located in the beam. The received impulses are then utilized in an indicator such as a cathode ray tube which may indicate range and azimuth of the object. in certain types of radar equipment especially suited for aircraft detection .and location, the antenna may be rotatedor oscillated about Aa vertical axis `to sweep the entire az1muth or any :desired portion thereof.

The indicators used in this class of equipment may include a plan position indicator, hereinafter referred to as PPL which presents a polar coordinate indication in terms of range, and an azimuth bearing of all objects visible to the radar system. Also included would be an indicator that discloses in cartesian ycoordinates the range and echo intensity. This indicator is sometimes called a Height-Range tube.

For the purpose of determining the height of the target it vhas ybeen found convenient to utilize two antennas at different heights above the ground. -With such an antenna array the intensity or signal strength of the reflected pulse yor signal received in each antenna from an object some ,distance away will be dilierent. The ratio of these s1gnal strengths varies with the angle of sight. Therefore, when the two signals are applied to the indicator tube rand separated on the time base thereon, there will be seen two pulses of different amplitude, the ratio of these two amplitudes varying with the angle of sight. Therefore, if a chart of ratio of signal strengths of the received signals versus angle of sight is made, the operator may compute the height of the target by means of the formula H=R sin where H :height in feet, R=range in feet, and 0=angle of sight in degrees.

However, if only two antennas are used, certain am-l 2,693,647 Patented Nov. 9, 1954 biguities will -exist and .the .operator would noth'ave a definite height indication of the target. In addition there would be certain gaps where little or no signal Wouldebe received. in order to resolve these ambiguities, and ll the gaps two other antennas may be added at different heights above the ground, which will then .enable :the radar to determine 'the height of any object visible to the radar. One example of antenna heights are 7.5 feet, i0 feet, 12.5 feet, and 25 feet. These antennas are hereinafter referred to as the 7.5 foot array, the l() foot array, the 12.5 foot array, and the 25 foot array and said arrays may be switched in various combinations. The combinations are selected by the radar operator by .means of an antenna selection switch and are as follows:

25/1() Normal phase 25/ 10 Normal antiphase 25/ l0 Height-iinding phase 25 l0 Height-finding antiphase 12.5/ 7.5 Normal phase 12.5 7.5 Normal antiphase 12.5 7.5 Height-finding antiphase 12.5 7.5 Height-finding phase The term 17.5/ l0 normal phase means that transmission -is made simultaneously on the 25 foot array and the 10 foot array, the pulses on the two arrays being in phase and reception is lhad simultaneously on both the 25 foot .and the l() foot array in phase. The term y25/10 normal antiphase means that transmission is made simultaneously on both the .25 foot and 10 foot array but the transmitted signals on one are out of phase with that on the other. On receiving, however, reception is had simultaneously on both the 25 and 10 foot array in phase. The term 25/ 10 height-finding phase means that transmission is made simultaneously on both the 25 foot array and the 1S foot array in phase, but the signal received on the 25 foot array is first presented on the time base of the heightrange tube while the signal from the 10 foot array is switched off. ln the next instance the switching reverses and the signal from the 10 foot array is seen on fthe heightrange tube while the signal from the 25 foot array is switched off. This switching occurs at such a rate and on a displaced time base as mentioned above that vthe operator sees both signals at the same time. The term 25/10 height-finding antiphase means that transmission is made simultaneously on both the 25 foot and l0 foot array but the signals on one are 180 out of phase with the signals on the other. Receiving, however, is exactly the same as that described in the 25/ 10 height-finding phase. The above descriptions will hold true for the 12S/7.5 foot arrays where 12.5 foot is substituted for 25 foot and 7.5 foot is substituted for 10 foot. The intensity or" a transmitted signal at a point in space will vary depending upon the angle of sight, where angle of sight may be defined as the angle produced between a reflecting plane (the earth) and a line of sight to the particular point in space. Pictorial representation of the variation in signal intensity vs. angle of sight may be called a lobe pattern. The term 25/10 normal phase lobe pattern then refers to a pictorial representation of signal strength vs. angle of sight for an antenna comprising two portions, 25 feet and 10 feet, respectively, above the reflecting plane.

The intensity of a received signal may be similarly defined wherein the received lobe pattern is a representation of the received signal strength vs. angle of sight. For a given antenna the received lobe pattern is the same as the transmitted lobe pattern. Thus it will be seen that the 25/ 10 normal phase is the product of '2S/l0 transmitted phase and 25/10 received which is the same as 25 l0 transmitted phase squared.

The 25/ 10 normal antiphase lobe pattern is the product of the 25/10 transmitted antiphase and 25/ 10 received phase lobe pattern.

In the height-finding position, we will consider separately what each portion of the antenna does. The 25 foot height-nding phase lobe pattern is the productof the lobe patterns of the 25 foot array and that of the 25/ 10 transmitted phase. The l() foot height-iindingpphase is the product of the lobe pattern of the 10 foot array and that of the 25/ 10 transmitted phase. The 25 foot. heightfinding antiphase lobe pattern is the product of lobe patterns of the 25 foot array and 25 10 foot transmitted antiphase combination. The foot height finding antiphase is the product of the lobe pattern of the 10 foot array and the l0 transmitted antiphase combination. Similar descriptions hold for the 12.5/ 7.5 lobe pattern combination where 12.5 foot is substituted for 25 foot and 7.5 foot is substituted for 10 foot.

Therefore, one problem that the radar trainer apparatus must solve is that of duplicating the lobe patterns for each of the combinations of the various antennas. The signals sent by the trainer to the radar receiver must vary in such manner as to substantially duplicate actual signals that are received when the of the previously mentioned positions. Since the embodiment of the radar receiver being used as an example herein may receive a total of l2 lobe patterns, it is necessary that the trainer apparatus be able to generate a total of l2 lobe patterns. Four lobe patterns must be duplicated for the 25/10 and 12.5/ 7.5 normal phase and normal antiphase positions. Eight lobe patterns must also be duplicated, four for the 25/10 and four for the 12.5/ 7.5 feet arrays, when using the height finding phase and antiphase positions of each array. The four lobe patterns for each array, in the height finding positions, are necessary for the following reasons:

We described previously that when the antenna selection switch is in the 25/ 10 height finding position, receiving is accomplished alternately on the 25 and 10 foot arrays respectively. In our trainer, it is therefore necessary to produce a lobe pattern that represents the lobe pattern of the 25 foot portion of the 25/ 10 height-finding phase combination. We also must produce a lobe pattern corresponding to the 10 foot portion of the 25/10 heightfinding phase combination. If then we can in effect switch these two lobe patterns alternately, we will be duplicating the function of the 25 foot and 10 foot arrays when in the height-finding position. If then we can modify two signals with these lobe patterns and put these signals on the time base of the height-range tube, and separated thereon, the radar operator will see two signals that will vary in substantially the same manner as those from a target when the antennas are in the 25/10 height-finding phase position.

In a like manner, if we have the lobe patterns corresponding to the 25 foot height-finding antiphase position and the 10 foot height-finding antiphase position, we can witch these in the same manner as just described and have pulses that will vary in the same manner as those reflected or reradiated from a target when the antenna is in the 25 10 height-finding antiphase position. In a like manner, the same functions are performed for the 12.5/7.5 foot arrays. From the above description we therefore find a total of l2 lobe patterns must be generated in order to give complete height-finding information for eight antenna selection switch positions.

Other objects of this invention will be made more apparent as this description proceeds, wherein one form of the invention is shown, especially when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

Figure 1 is a block diagram of the entire trainer apparatus.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of the target position generator.

Figure 2a is a vector diagram of the target position generator.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the pulse recurrence frequency chassis.

Figure 4 is a block diagram of the azimuth transmission panel.

Figure chassis.

Figure 6 is a block diagram of the lobe pattern generator.

Figure 7 is a block diagram of the height-finding control chassis.

Figure 8 is a block diagram of the signal switching pane Figure 9 is a block diagram of the output relay chassis.

Figure 10a is a graph of an equation to be solved electrically by the trainer.

Figure 10b is a graph of a parameter used to solve the equation illustrated in Figures 10a and 10c.

Figure 10c is a graph of an equation to be solved electrically by the trainer.

5 is a block diagram of the range and azimuth antennas are in any Figure 1l is a circuit diagram of the phase shift circuit.

Figure l2 is a circuit diagram of the cathode follower circuit.

Figure 13a is a block diagram of the phase discriminating circuit.

Figure 13b is a graphical representation of the voltage relationships in the phase discriminator.

Figure 14 is a circuit diagram of a portion of the lobe pattern generator.

Figure l5 is a block diagram of the hyperbolic function circuit.

Figure 16 is a circuit diagram of the hyperbolic function circuit shown in block form in Figure l5.

Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of the slicer circuit.

A description of the general operation of the trainer is followed by specific descriptions of its components and their relations to each other.

Referring to Figure l, the block diagram of the entire trainer apparatus, 17 is a pulse recurrence frequency chassis, the primary function of which is to synchronize the radar receivers With the radar trainer apparatus. Chassis 17 provides a sine wave 23 which is fed to the radar receivers as a synchronizing wave form. It also provides a triangular wave form voltage 18 at the same frequency as the since wave voltage 23. It is the saw tooth voltage 18 that is fed into the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20b later described. Therefore, the time bases on the cathode ray tube indicators of the radar receivers are synchronized with the range and azimuth chassis Ztl, 20a and 2Gb of the trainer apparatus.

Target position generators 10, 10a, and 10b produce sine wave voltages 12, 12a and 12b whose amplitude is proportional to the range, and whose phase is proportional to the azimuth of a simulated target or object. The exact manner for achieving this effect will be described later. The term target as hereinafter used refers to the above mentioned simulated target or object.

Although there are three target position generators 10, 10a and 10b shown, each one identically the same, to generate some of the necessary signals to simulate one target, it is obvious that any number of target position generators may be provided, dependent upon the total number of simulated or phantom targets desired.

Each range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20b receives the sine wave voltages generated by the target position generator 10, 10a, 10b and also the triangular wave form 18 from the pulse recurrence frequency chassis 17. Also introduced into each range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20h is the sine Wave voltage 15 which is generated in the azimuth transmission panel 14. The phase of sine wave voltage 15 from the azimuth transmission panel is utilized in conjunction with the phase of the range voltage to determine the azimuth of the target. The phase of this voltage 15 is constantly changing through 360 in step with the rotation of the radar receiver selsyns.

In an actual radar system the rotating antenna is coupled to the PPI Selsyn so that both the rotating antenna and the PPI time base revolve at the same angular velocity. In eiect then, azimuth transmission panel 14 provides this function, the further action of azimuth transmission panel 14 to provide a voltage control, whereby the target appears at the proper azimuth on the PPI tube, is hereinafter explained.

Sine wave voltage 16 also generated by the azimuth transmission panel 14 is fed into all of the radar receivers to control said PPI selsyns of the radar receivers. The range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a, and 20b each comprise two parts, the signal circuit portion and the azimuth circuit portion. The signal circuit portion receives the triangular wave 18 and the sine wave voltage 12 which controls the triangular wave 18. This in turn is changed to a pulse output which is the range pulse 25. The range pulse is the pulse that indicates the range of the target on the cathode ray tube indicators of the radar receivers. The second portion of the range and azimuth chassis may be called the azimuth circuit portion. This receives two inputs, the sine wave 15 from the azimuth transmission panel 14, and the sine wave voltage 12 from the target position generator 10. These voltage forms are combined so that the phase difference of the two inputs is determined, resulting in a D. C. voltage whose amplitude is a function of the phase difference.

'agesfsgeu lThe lobe. pattern 'generator 129 produces a` plurality of voltage forms 30. .These voltage forms v30, or lobe patternsas they will hereafter be called, are fed into each ofthe plurality ofheight finding control chassis 31, 31a, and 31b.

The height finding 4control chassis 31, 31a land 3111 each receive the following inputs:

(a) A plurality of lobefpatterns .30.

(b) Two opposite polarity square wave switching voltages 24 and 24a .from .the multivibrator 19 which in turn is controlled 4by .the pulse recurrence frequency chassis 17.

(c) The range pulses `25 which are ,an .output of the range and azimuth chassis .20.

(d) The sine wave voltage 25' which is also an output of therange and azimuth :chassis 20.

(e) A triangular wave form 18a which may be of a Adifferent frequencythan the .pulse recurrence frequency.

(f) ..A.,D. C. voltage varying linearly with range from .theA range and .azimuth chassis.

(g) A 1200 cycle/second sine wave from the lobe pattern generator.

(h) `A D. C. azimuth voltage from the range and azimuth chassis.

() A noisevoltage.

The nine inputs to the height iinding control chassis are utilized and modified so that the output of each will be a plurality of pulse signals 32 varying in amplitude in accordance with the .different signal strengths obtained from the lobe patterns 30. This variation is controlled by the introduction of voltages representing range and height so that the amplitude of the pulse outputs will depend upon the variables, range, height, and lobe patterns. (Which are the same variables encountered in an actual radar system.)

These pulse signals are amplified and transmitted to the signal switching panel 35, the purpose of which is to send Varying numbers of signals to each of the radar receivers; any one of which signals can be selected by the operator of the radar receiver bymanipulation of the receiver antenna selection switch, and each of which signals will vary as .the lobe patterns 30 vary. The signals 36 are then fed to the output relay chassis 37 which in turn transmits the signals on any one of the plurality of lines leaving it to the radar receiver to which it is connected. The choice of signals to be received is dependent upon switching at the radar receiver itself, but the actual choice of number of targets and position of target-is controlled at the panels of the radar trainer equipment by the instructor.

Optional with this equipment is the noise generator chassis 39 which feeds into each height finding control chassis 3l, Sila, 31b, random noise signals to simulate actual extraneous signals received and` generated by the radar receiver. These extraneous signals may include atmospheric effects, random noise generated by the receiver. itself, and jamming signals.

Target position generator The target position generator produces a voltage whose amplitude-'is proportional to the range of the simulated target or object and whose phase is proportional to vthe azimuth of the simulated target or object. Furthermore, itis .desirable ythat the target be made to -appear initially at any desired geographic point about the radar station. The following description covers the principle-involved and general method of solution.

In order lto obtain'a voltage at any `desired phase angle, two quadrature voltages 40, 4i (Figure 2) are supplied to'two potentiometers 42, d3. The -arms of these 4potentiometers are connected to a sine and cosine cam respectively, both of which are mounted on the same shaft 44. If then the shaft is rotated to some position by the instructors control wheel L35, the sine and Acosine cams will cause voltages to be impressed across 'thepotentiometers that are proportional to the sine and cosine of the angle of rotation of the shaft ltd. There will then be a different ratio of sine to cosine for each position of the cam. vWe knows that thisy ratio is equal 'tothe tangent of the langle of rotation. if lnow these two lquadrature voltages vLltl, 41' which form the out-put ofy the sineV and cosine 'cam controlled potentiometers, '-42'. and 'd3 respectively -are added .wezhaveavoltage.whose-'phase isidependent upon the position of the cams, and a dial may be mounted on the cam shaft 44 calibrated to read yphase angle. The principle just outlined is one by which we alter the bearing of the coure of the target andsaid dial on cam shaft 44 reads the bearing of the course. It isalso necessary to hare the amplitudes of the cam-controlled potentiometer output voltages 40 and 41 vary with distance of the target. We know distance=velocity time, therefore we need only to have the amplitude vary with time, the rate of variation being velocity. This is done in the following manner. The quadrature voltages e30', 41 are not added immediately but rather are applied respectively to two motor driven potentiometers 46, l.i7 mounted on the same shaft 48. The ratio of the voltages 40 and 41 impressed on the potentiometers 46, i7 respectively, is the same as that set up by the cam controlled potentiometers 42, d3. Now as the motor revolves the arms of these potentiometers, the ratios of the output voltages of the motor driven potentiometers 46 and 47 will remain the same but the magnitude of each will increase. The speed of the motor determines the speed of the target or object. If then these two last mentioned quadrature voltages are added we will Ihave solved the problem of having a voltage vector whose amplitude varies with distance (time) and whose phase angle can be controlled and represents the azimuth of the target. These last mentioned quadrature voltages are not added directly however as additional features are desired. in this embodiment the sum of the two quadrature voltages represents the bearing of the course of the target.

It was previously mentioned that the feature of having the target start at any geographic position with respect to the radar station was also desirable. The problem then, is to add an initial vector to the one previously mentioned, at some tixed range and azimuth, This is done quite simply by adding quadrature voltages 51 and 52 of fixed amounts to the outputs 53 and 54 from the motor driven potentiometers 46 and 47. These added quadrature voltages may be represented as VX preset and Vy preset. The voltmeters 49 and 50 indicating the total quadrature voltages (5l plus 53) and (52 plus 54) respectively may be referred to as the Y and X meters respectively, and each of these may be caiibrated in coordinates rather than volts thereby allowing us to read voltages that actually represent the coordinates of the starting point of the target (i. e. where the target will iirst appear on the PPI tube). In order that we could start at any point 360 around the radar station it would be necessary to have each of these quadrature voltages to change phase 180. To prevent this we merely measure all voltages from some point (0, 0) which is not at the station. The whole area around the station itself is is a quadrant whose origin is at (0, 0). We wish however to measure all voltages with respect to the station and not (0, 0).

It is then necessary to subtract the quadrature voitages that determine the position of the station relative to (0, 0). To perform this subtraction, a voltage 5S of opposite polarity to 40 and a voltage 56 of opposite polarity to 41 are proportioned by station preset control 57 and station preset control S8. All quadrature voltages are then added in summation amplifier S9, the output of which is then sent to the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a, and Zlib.

Figure 2A is a pictorial representation of the voltage vectors which position the simulated target with respect to the simulated radar station. It will be remembered that voltage vectors are being measured with respect to an arbitrary point represented as (0, 0). VSP (starting point) is a Vector representing the initial position or starting point of the target relative to (0, 0) and has two quadrature components VX preset and Vy preset. Subtracted from VSP is a vector Vns (radar station) which has two components VX station and Vy station and represents the position of the radar station with respect to (0, 0). The result is a vector Vss which represents the starting point of the target relative to the station Added to Vss is a vector VBC which is a vector depicting the bearing of the course of the target and has two quadrature components V40 and V41. The resultant vector is then VT and is a vector whose magnitude represents the distance or range of the target with respect to the station and whose phase angle represents the azimuth.

- ing voltage for the output relay chassis.

Pulse recurrence frequency chassis Referringto Figure 3, it is seen thatthe primary function of this portion of the equipment is to establish signals for the synchronization of other portions of the trainer as well as synchronizing the radar receivers with the trainer. Another function is to produce adequate switching voltages of square wave form and also a D. C. switch- There is also generateda triangular wave form of a frequency which may be different than the master oscillator in the pulse recurrence frequency chassis. A master oscillator 60 of the resistance-capacitance type generates a sine wave voltage which forms the basic synchronizing voltage for the entire trainer equipment and the radar receivers on which training operations are to be performed. The sine wave voltage from master oscillator 60 is amplied by ampliiier 61 and two outputs are obtained, 61u which feeds a synchronizing sine wave voltage to all radar receivers, the

other output being fed to phase shifter 62, the operation of which will be hereinafter explained. After being shifted in phase, one portion of the output is sent through two squaring circuits 163, 64 of conventional type, an integrating circuit 65 and a cathode follower circuit 66 from which the triangular wave form 18 (Figure l) then enters the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20h.

Another output fromL phase shifter 62 is fed through The azimuth circuit has two inputs, namely the sine wave range voltage from the target position generator 10, 10a, 10b and the sine wave azimuth voltage at the same frequency from the. azimuth transmission panel 14. It should be remembered that the phase of the azimuth voltage vector is continuously changing through 360, whereas the phase of the range Voltage depends upon the azimuth of the target. In this particular embodiment of the invention the essential principal in determining azimuth is to have a means of measuring the phase difference of these voltages, said measurement being converted into a D. C. voltage whose amplitude will vary with the phase difference. Referring to Figure 5, one manner of accomplishing this desired result is as follows:

The range voltage is fed through a squaring circuit 108. The output of the circuit 108 being a steep-sided square wave whose amplitude is substantially constant over a wide range of input voltage. The azimuth vector feeds through a squaring circuit 110. The output of the circuit 110 likewise is steep-sided square wave whose amplitude is substantially constant. The only difference between the azimuth square wave and the range squarewave is their phase. lf now, these two square waves are added together, we will get a complex wave form whose peak a conventional squaring circuit 67 and is then fed as a locking voltage into multivibrator 19 which operates at a frequency one-halfof that of the master oscillator 60.

The multivibrator output is then fed into a plurality ofk cathode follower circuits 68, 69 and 70 of a type hereinafter described. The outputs of the cathode follower circuits 63 and 69 are two square wave voltages 180 out of phase, while the output of cathode follower 70 is in phase with the square wave voltage issuing from 69. The output of 70 is fed to the radar receivers to be used as a means of displacing the time bases on the radar receiver indicator tube on which height-range information is indicated. The outputs of 68 and 69 are fed into the height iinding control chassis 31, 31a and 31b tok be used as a switching voltage. A 110 v.-60 cycle voltage is fed into phase shift transformer 71, then through wave squarers 72, 73, through integrating circuit74, amplifiers 75, 76 and finally through cathode follower circuit 77, the output of which is a 60 cycle triangular wave form which is fed to the height finding control chassis 31, 31a, 31b. Also, the 60 cycle 110 v. supply is rectified in rectifier circuit 78 to give an output of D. C. voltage to be fed to output relay chassis 37 where it acts as a bias for the tubes therein.

Azimuth transmission panel The azimuth transmission panel 14 is utilized to synchronize the PPI selsyn in each radar receiver with the azimuth circuit of range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a, and 20h. It also produces a sine wave voltage whose phase continually rotates through 360 in the PPI selsyns in the radar receivers. The azimuth transmission panel 14 comprises two sections which are closely similar, one to be used for high speed, the other for low speed phase rotation.

Referring to Figure 4, it is seen that both the low and high speed sections each comprise a motor 80 which drives a master selsyn 84 through a variable speed drive 82. The output of the master selsyn 84 is fed to each radar receiver to control and synchronize the PPI selsyns in each receiver. Both the low and high speed sections also have a small selsyn 83 also driven by motor 80 through the variable speed drive 82. The angular position of small selsyn 83 is indicated by an azimuth dial 85. The output of small selsyn 83 is then fed into the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20h. Switches 85 and 86 are used to utilize either the low or high speed portions of azimuth transmission panel 14.

In order to secure a single phase voltage, the phase of which is constantly changing through 360, at the same rate at which the PPI selsyns rotate, a 3 phase voltage is fed into the stator of small selsyn 83. The voltage taken from the rotor will then change in phase according to the angular position of the rotor which in turn is connected to variable speed drive 82. This voltage is hereinafter referred to as the azimuth voltage Vector.

Range and azimuth chassis The range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a and 20b each comprise two parts, an azimuth circuit and a signal circuit.

amplitude is nearly constant except when the two square waves are nearly 180 out of phase. Theoretically, at 180 phase difference the two waves should cancel one another and we should have zero voltage. If we D. C. restore this complex wave form kand filter it by D.k C. restorer circuit 109 we will get a D. C. voltage whose amplitude is proportional to the peak value of the complex wave form.

For a given position of the target, we will get a particular range voltage whose phase and amplitude are dependent upon the kposition ofy the target. lf now the azimuth vector revolves through 360 we would get a negative D. C. voltage from the D. C. restorer and lter 109 that would havefroughly the shape shown in Figure 13b. Considering D. C. voltage plotted versus azimuth, we would nd that the D. C. voltage stayed nearly constant until the range voltage and the azimuth voltage were nearly 180 out of phase. At this point we would nd the D. C. voltage starting to drop very rapidly, reaching a minimum when the two square waves are 180 out ot' phase. As the azimuth further increased, the voltage would rise rapidly attaining its former magnitude that would stay nearly constant.

'l'his azimuth voltage is sent to the height finding control chassis 31, 31a, 3111 and also to the grid of azimuth control tube 106, mentioned hereinafter. The signal circuit portion of the range and azimuth chassis receives a triangular wave 1S from the pulse recurrence frequency chassis 17. This triangular wave is fed through a linear amplifier and then fed into a squaring circuit 101, the output being a square wave whose width may be varied and which is sent through a short-time constant circuit 102. The output of circuit 102 is a positive and negative going pulse the positive portion of which is used to trigger a gas tube in pulse forming circuit 103. The output of the latter being a short duration range pulse which is then sent through a cathode follower 104, from which it is fed to the height finding control chassis 31, 31a, 31b. The final output of the signal circuit is a very narrow positive going pulse.

Also available as an output from cathode follower 104 is a short duration, very narrow positive going pulse that may be sent through azimuth control tube 106 and cathode follower 107. Feeding into the grid of azimuth control tube 106 is a positive going, very narrow pulse. The azimuth voltage described above is also sent into the grid as a bias, whereby the tube transmits the narrow signal to the cathode follower only when the D. C. azimuth bias voltage rises sufficiently to allow the tube to conduct. This latter output may be used when training is desired on range and azimuth presentation only, and where height finding information is not necessary or desirable.

The short pulse issuing from cathode follower circuit 104 is made to vary with time linearly proportional to range voltage and thus provide indication of range (i. e. the pulse can appear on a cathode ray tube indicator). This is accomplished in the following manner. The sine wave range voltage from the target position generator 10, 10a, 10b is passed through a D. C. restorer and filter circuit 105 resulting in a D. C. voltage directly proportional to.` range'.A ThisA D. C. Voltage' is applied to` height finding control chassis 31, 31a, 31h, and also applied as bias tothe grid of the squaring tube 101. The result of)l applying said D. C. voltage tothe grid of tube 161 s-that the width of-` the square wave issuingy vtherefrom is modified. in direct proportion to the aforesaid range voltage. The square wave in passing through the short time constant circuit 10Zresults in a positive pulse which coincides with the leading edge of the square wave. Thus the positive pulse position with respect to time will vary directly' as. the width of the modified square wave and hence range.

One of the objects of this trainer is to produce signals or pulses which when viewed onthe height-range indi cator tube of" the radar receiver will vary in amplitude in substantially the same manner as would actual signal'sv reflected or reradiated from an aircraft or object. We know, however, that a number of variables or conditionsv determine the amplitude of this signal, namely: the overalllobe pattern', the height of the object above ground, and thedistance or range of the object from the antenna. In order to attain our object it is necessary that the variables height, range, andY overall lobe pattern be considered in our solution to the; problem. Two simple yet basic equations will be introduced in order to solve this problem'.

The signal strength at a point in space due to the radiation ofa horizontally polarized dipole at a distance h4 above a reflecting plane such as the earth, is given by the following equation (l) E=2M Sine (21m ine 0) in which E.=signal strength M :radiation constant =wavelength in feet =angle of sight H=height of antenna above ground in feet.

Since the angle of sight is very nearly directly proportional' to the sine ofy the angle of sight up to' 30 it ispossible to rewrite Equation 1? as (2) E=2M sine (KM) where.

2 1r sine@ @hX-r D and. may be considered a constant up to an angle of sight of`30".

Thus the lobe pattern is seen to vary as the sine of some, multiple of the angle of sight (0) up to an angle of sight (0) of 30. not customary to work at angles of sight (t9) greater than 30. Consequently,.for. this particular trainer 30 will be` considered'the maximum angle'of sight (6) at which wel will work.

Atithis point ofthe discussion we have considered in a general manner one of the three variables mentioned earlier, namely, the overall lobe pattern, and have in addition introduced a new variable 0. We will now consider a second fundamentalequation:

(3) Range sine 0=height or as it is usually written,

(4)' height range bine 0= We have previously mentioned that we are working' only to'y anv angle off`sight'of 30 therefore (4) can be written (5) 0: K1 height range Y Ifnow vwe consider'height as` a constant we will find' that. Equati0n;5 isrthenA an expression for a rectangular llyperbola.A Uponinspection it can be seen that chang-v shown later how heightcan bei variedy so as to produce'A aahyperbola for any height. However, .for the basis'of discussion we. will. consider heighty as being fixed.

With present radar equipment it isthat we have an expression that introduces the last two.

of the original three variables mentioned. The' two equations we now have are then: (6) Signal strength=E=2M sine (Kh) l) a: K1 helght range The h in (6) is the height of the antenna above ground and should not be confused with H in (7) which is the heightof the object or target seen by the radar. Equations 6 and 7 then contain all the variables that must be considered in order to portray the changing amplitude of a signal. If the mythical aircraft or object is at a constant height the only variable appearing in Equations 6 and 7 that we have available in the target position generator is range. We, therefore, wish to have signal strength vary with range for a fixed height. From (6) and (7) we can see that if we solved these equations simultaneously we would have signal strength as a :function of range. The problem then is to solve these simultaneously by some electrical means. The solution must be automatic so that as range changes. we willV always have the correct value of signal strength. Also if the height is changed the solution will automatically change to give the correct answer. This problem is solved electrically by the following method. Although in this particular case we have the equations for a lobe pattern and a hyperbola the method is perfectly general and may be used to solve other equations providing they can first be set up electrically, i. e. have a voltage whose amplitudeA varies as the function;

Rewriting (6) and (7) Mathematically these two equations may be solved simultaneously by substitution of Equation 7 in Equation 6, obtaining thereby signal strength directly in terms of range for any given height.

If a voltage varying in a manner that follows the function of (6) and another voltage that follows the function of (7) can be obtained, the simultaneous solution of the two equations may be obtained, the solution being represented by a voltage.

In the present case we must first obtain a voltage (0) where said voltage will have a magnitude dependent upon height and range in accordance with Equation 7. The voltage representing (0) must then be made to act upon a circuit associated with the circuit producing the voltage function (6), in such a manner as to produce a voltage corresponding to the simultaneous solution of the two equations.

The electrical solution, however, is complicated somewhat by the fact that the counterpart of the' angle of sight (0) may not be of the same physical nature in the two equations. For example, in one case the quantity (0) may be represented by a Voltage, while inthe other' case it may be represented by time. The solution can be effected, however, if the angle of sight (6) is reduced to the same physical nature in both equations, and this may be done by the introduction of a parameter such as time (z).

In general, the equations may be solved electrically by recourse to the following steps. For ease of description the Equations 6 and 7 will be referred to, but. it is to be understood that the method is applicable to other equations:

(l) Obtain the dependent variable (E) of Equation 6 as a voltage that is a function of time, fr0) andwhere t may then represent the independent variable (0) of Equation 6.

(2) Obtain the dependent variable (0) in Equation 7 as a voltage which isa function of time, f(t).

(3) So correlate f(t)l and f1(t) that the voltage* (0) determined by f(t) acts upon the circuit producingr the voltage f1(t) whereby the correct value of E is determined.

As the description to this point'is quite general, the actual electrical means of doing thismaynotl beievident.'

The following is a description of the method used in this trainer. It should be kept in mind that although we are here describing a specific embodiment, the basic combination of circuits employed may be used to solve other equations by an electrical means. Fig. 10a represents a lobe pattern, such as may be applicable to this trainer and the basic equation of which is represented by Equation 6. Fig. 10c graphically represents the function of Equation 7. Fig. 10b represents an electrical parameter introduced to correlate the functions represented by Figs. 10a and 10c.

Referring now to the iirst step, a cyclical voltage that varies with time (t) is obtained, the wave form of this voltage being substantially the same as a graph representing the function of Equation 6. This graph (signal strength E vs. angle of sight is shown in Fig. 10a. Thus the time axis of this wave form corresponds to angle of sight (0), and the magnitude of the wave form corresponds to signal strength. The voltage magnitude of the cyclical voltage thus varies with time in a manner that follows the function of Equation 6. Hence we may say that Equation 6 has been represented electrically wherein time (t) replaces the independent variable (0) of said equation. The equation can now be written:

Signal strength (E)=2M sine Khfi(t) in which M, K, h and E are as stated previously.

In the second step, it is necessary to generate a voltage (0) which, as stated, is proportional to height range as (0) is inversely proportional to range, and the range of a continuously moving target is proportional to time (t), then (0) is inversely proportional to time (t).

To be sure, (H) changes slowly with time, but the rate of change is not important, providing this function of time may be related to the function of time as expressed above in Equation 6.

Equation 7, which is represented by Fig. c, is in this embodiment a D. C. voltage whose amplitude varies with range. It is a non-repetitive function and Fig. 10c may be considered to be a plot of 0 (which is a D. C. voltage) vs. range.

The wave form represented by Fig. 10b is introduced in order to relate the value of 0 as determined by the independent variable, range, with the 0 of Equation 6, which is a function of time. A detailed description follows which covers one specific embodiment and which will clarify the general method of solution as heretofore described.

Figure 10b represents a triangular wave with the negative going side being linear. This triangular wave, as will be seen, is used as a parameter. In solving other types of equations the positive going side may be the one that should be linear. The frequency of this triangular wave should be equal to, or some multiple of, the repetitive frequency of the lobe pattern. Based on the preceding discussion and reference to Figures 10a, 10b, 10c the following description is concerned with the actual method employed. The hyperbola operates tirst on the triangular waveform, the result of that operation being utilized to operate on the lobe pattern. A thorough understanding of the action of the hyperbola on the triangular waveform is necessary.

If a linear triangular wave is introduced to the grid of a conventional squaring tube and a D. C. voltage following some function of time is applied to said grid as a bias, then one side of the square wave produced at the anode will move a distance with respect to time proportional to the change in bias. As an example refer to Figure 10b and Figure 10c and assume for the moment range is a specific value R1. For this value of R1 we get a voltage that represents a specific value of 0 and which is applied to the squaring tube as a bias. This bias then determines the point along the linear portion of the triangular wave at which squaring takes place. Let this point be A on Figure 10b. If now Ri is changed an amount of AR thereby making R equal to R2 then 0 is changed an amount A0 and the triangular wave now squares at B, where the distance AB is proportional to A6. If the range is further increased to R3 then 0 is changed an amount A02, and a new squaring position C on the triangular wave is obtained. The distance BC is proportional to A62. If the process is continued we nd that the squaring point vof the triangular 'wave changes an amount proportional to the change in bias which in this case is called A0. If the square wave output from the anode of the squaring tube is sent through a short time-constant circuit a sharp pulse will be obtained that coincides with the appropriate point A, B, or C, etc., as determined by range. If this pulse were viewed on an oscilloscope we would find that for equal incremental changes of R the pulse would move along the time base a distance proportional to A0. This is an important factor in the solution of the problem.

Now as the triangular wave is at the same, or a multiple of the repetitive frequency of the lobe pattern, then the distance AB or BC in Figure 10b is proportional to a change A61 or A02 in Figure 10a. Or with R at R1 squaring occurs at A. As a function represented by Figure 10a is synchronized with the function represented by Figure 10b, then when the pulse occurs at A, the instantaneous value of the function represented in Figure 10a is Ei. Now if range is increased to R2 then squaring occurs at B and the pulse occurs at B, and the instantaneous value of the function represented by Figure 10a is E2.

Remembering that Figures 10a and 10b represent functions that are synchronized, consider the previously mentioned pulse as being a marker whose position changes with respect to time (range) a distance proportional to A0 of Figure 10c. The ordinate 0 of Figure 10c can be calibrated in degrees as can the abscissa of Figure 10a. Then by properly adjusting circuit constants the 0 of Figure 10a can be calibrated against the 0 of Figure 10c. An example may make this clearer. Suppose range is such as to give an angle of sight (0) of 30, then the voltage representing this angle is applied to the triangular waveform as previously described. The pulse produced will then be in such a position as to point at 30 on the lobe pattern waveform (Fig. 10a). If now range changes, thereby changing 0 to 20, the pulse will move along until it points to 20 on the lobe pattern. In other words as range changes the net result is that the pulse produced moves to the correct value of 0 on the lobe pattern and We have now only to get a voltage equal to the ordinate corresponding to that value of 6. The pulse described in this discusion will hereinafter be referred to as the slicing pulse in order to prevent confusion with the previously mentioned very narrow pulse that represents range. This is so-called as it is utilized to slice out a narrow section of the lobe pattern thereby obtaining an ordinate thereof. This is accomplished in a circuit to be described later, and is referred to as the slicer circuit.

The foregoing illustration necessitates the introduction of a parameter for solving the two equations simultaneously for the reason that one of the equations is represented by a non-repetitive function. However, if both equations are represented by repetitive functions, they may be solved electrically in a simultaneous manner without the introduction of a parameter as described above. This may be done simply by utilizing one repetitive function in a squaring tube and using the pulse thereby obtained from the square wave directly as a slicing pulse as explained above.

Lobe pattern generator It is a known fact that any repetitive Waveform may be represented by a Fourier series, the general expression for such a series containing both sine and cosine terms and the individual component frequencies for such a series being multiples of some fundamental frequency. Any repetitive waveform may then be produced by adding a sufficient number of trigonometric functions and necessary constants. Using this as a basis any complex repetitive voltage waveform may be produced in the following manner:

The equation of the Waveform desired is first obtained as a series with enough terms to provide a suficiently good waveform. These components may be either sine terms or cosine terms or both, depending upon the functions desired. Each term though will be a harmonic of some fundamental frequency. To form the sine function electrically, oscillators at the fundamental and necessary harmonic frequencies are constructed and locked together in synchronism. Cosine terms are formed in the same manner but the waveform is phase shifted ninety degrees with respect to the outputs of the sine wave oscillators. If then the outputs of, for example, the sine wave trigonometric function.

`oscillators are sent to phase splitters we can obtain sine waves that are in the same phase and also antiphase with respect to the oscillator wave forms. The same thing may be done with the cosine waves. In this manner, the output of the phase splitter may represent either 1 Then if the sine wave representing sine B is sent to the phase splitter the in-phase output will represent plus sine B and the antiphase output will represent minus sine B. If then the outputs of the various phase splitters are proportioned properly and any necessary constants added, they may be added together to provide any waveform desired.

One specific object of this trainer is to provide voltage waveforms that will represent lobe patterns of various antennas. It is a well known fact that the equation of a lobe pattern that gives the signal strength at a point in space due to a horizontally polarized dipole is a The complex function was obtained for each lobe pattern desired. Well known trigonometric identities were applied to these equations resulting in new equations containing only cosine terms and constants. Each component of this equation represented a frequency that was a harmonic of some fundamental. In the specific embodiment herewith a fundamental frequency of sixty cycles was chosen and six oscillators at harmonic frequencies of sixty cycles were suti'icient to provide all the necessary frequencies. However it is to be specifically understood that any convenient fundamental frequency may be used. These oscillators were then so synchronized and locked as to produce cosine waveforms. These in turn were sent to phase splitters, properly proportioned and added in order to produce a voltage waveform that contained all frequencies in the proper proportion. Constants in the equation were then added electrically and the resulting waveforms were those of the lobe patterns desired. In an electrical representation a constant may be supplied by adding a D. C. voltage component.

In Figure 6, the block diagram of the lobe pattern generator 29 a 60 cycle sine wave is fed through the phase shift and locking circuit 120, the output of which is sent through a short-time-constant circuit ilZl which produces sharp pulses. These pulses are then fed into oscillator circuit 122. The phase shift circuit l2() permits phase K shift of the oscillator 122 and by this means the synchronization of all oscillators may be obtained. The output of each oscillator 122 is fed to an AVC circuit 123 in order to maintain substantially constant amplitude of the oscillations. The oscillator outputs are adjusted to equal amplitude and each fed to a phase inverter or splitter E24 where a plurality of outputs are obtained, which fall into two categories, those outputs in phase, and those in antiphase relationship to the oscillator output. ln addition, these outputs are also proportioned by this circuit so that by adding them with the outputs of other phase splitter circuits as may be necessary to form the correct electrical output to conform to the desired lobe pattern equation. In the specific embodiment shown in Figure 6 there are l2 phase splitters 125, each one being for a separate and distinct lobe pattern equation. ln each phase inverter or splitter 125 there are two outputs, one in phase with the input, the other anti-phase with the input. As explained more fully later, these outputs are fed into the circuit 126 where they pass through a duotriode vacuum tube having a common anode load, whereby the inputs are acted upon as by a class B amplifier. Also, any constants necessitated by the lobe pattern equation are added at this Ipoint. Therefore, the final output of the lobe pattern generator is a voltage whose amplitude Varies with time in accordance with the lobe pattern represented by a particular equation. From the last phase splitting circuit 124e one of the outputs is sent through a cathode follower circuit 220 from which is then taken a 1200 cycle sine wave voltage for use in the height finding control chassis 31.

Height finding control chassis The height finding control chassis 3l, 31a, Sib is in effect, the device in which all the variables, which are Signal strength=2M sine (gLm-e-) and the hyperbolic equation K height range is obtained. The height nding control chassis contains a hyperbolic circuit portion whose function is to supply a voltage that varies hyperbolically with range. Into this circuit is fed a 1200 cycle per second sine wave and a 60 cycle per second sine wave, the latter representing range and being one of the outputs of the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a, 20h. The former is utilized in the circuit in a manner hereinafter described. In Figure 7 these two voltages are fed into a variable gain stage linear amplifier 200 where the 1200 cycle voltage output is made to vary hyperbolically with the 60 cycle range voltage. The two voltages, 1200 cycle and 60 cycle respectively, are separated by lters 201, 202 after which the 1200 cycle voltage is D. C. restored and filtered in circuit 204. The output of circuit 204 therefore, is a D. C. voltage whose magnitude varies hyperbolically with range. The voltage output of circuit 204 is controlled by a potentiometer hereinafter referred to as the height control potentiometer. By varying this potentiometer with hand control 207 a separate hyperbolic function for each height may be obtained. By this means the mythical target may be placed at any height desired by the trainer equipment operator. This voltage is fed to the gridk of a squaring tube in squaring circuit 205 as a bias. Also fed into the grid of the squaring tube is a triangular wave voltage of 60 cycles per second from the pulse recurrence frequency chassis i7. rfhis the parameter voltage waveform discussed in the explanation of the solution of the two simultaneous equations. Squaring circuit 205 output is then a square wave whose width is dependent upon the bias, which bias is a hyperbolic function as explained above. The square wave is then fed into the short time-constant circuit 20d, the output of which is the slicing pulse. The principle of action of circuits 205 and 206 have been previously explained. Also fed into the height finding control chassis are l2 different lobe pattern voltages. Each lobe pattern voltage is fed into a cathode follower circuit 203 and then into a slicer and lter circuit 209, into which is also fed the output slicing pulse from the hyperbolic circuit portion previously mentioned. In the Slicer .aid lilter circuit 209 the slicing pulse performs the function of obtaining a voltage that is proportional to the instantaneous value of the ordinate of the lobe pattern that corresponds to 0 (angle of sight) at that particular instant which in turn is dependent upon the range and height of the target. The slicing action is hereinafter explained. The output of slicer and filter circuit 209 is a D. C. voltage varying in amplitude, which is in eiect the ordinate of the lobe pattern voltage that has been determined by the range and height of the target. This is then fed into pulse amplitude control circuit 2l@ as a bias voltage. Also fed into circuit 210 is a narrow range pulse from the range and azimuth chassis 20. 20a, 20b. The output of pulse amplitude circuit 2l0 is a narrow negative going pulse, whose amplitude is dependent upon the bias voltage applied from slicer and filter circuit 209, which is fed into azimuth control 211 along with the negative D. C. azimuth voltage. The azimuth control 211 may include an amplifier tube circuit biased to cut o. The output from azimuth control 211 is a narrow negative going pulse which occurs only when the changing D. C. voltage applied as a bias to the azimuth control tube from the range and azimuth chassis 20, 20a, 2017 rises to a point where the azimuth control tube may conduct. When this conducts the pulse output will appear on the cathode ray tube indicators of the radar receivers at the correct azimuth. This pulse then is sent through video amplifier 212 and cathode follower 213. The output of each cathode follower circuit 213 is fed into signal switching panel 35. The pulse switching circuit 215 is utilized to alternately switch from the output of one lobe pattern slicer circuit to another where the antenna arrangement is such that two different height portions of the antenna are used at different time intervals, for the purpose heretofore explained. Also fed into each height finding control chassis, from each range azimuth chassis, is a D. C. voltage whose amplitude varies linearly with range. This voltage is applied to the video amplifier 212 in such manner as to make the gain of this amplifier decrease as range increases.

Signal switching panel Referring to Figure 8, the input of the signal switching panel comprises 8 signals from each height finding control chassis 31, 31a, 31h each signal being of a different amplitude. From these signals the operator of the radar receiver may choose any one, depending upon which position the antenna selection switch of the radar receiver is placed. All eight signals represent one target hereinafter collectively referred to as a target signal and shown as either input 1, 2, or 3 in Figure 8, but the arnplitude of each signal differs as a particular lobe pattern. It is desirable to be able to send varying numbers of target signals to the receivers, and in this specific embodiment a total of three target signals shown as 1, 2, and 3 in Figure 8 may be sent. Therefore, each of the three inputs from each height finding chassis 31, comprises 8 different signals or a total of 24. The number of target signals to be fed to each radar receiver is controlled by the instructors (trainer operator) switches 150, 151, 152, which control the number of target signals to be fed to trunk 1, trunk 2, and trunk 3 respectively. There are 24 tap switches 153, one switch for each radar receiver. Each switch 153 has 3 positions or taps so that each radar receiver may be fed from one to three target signals. Each target signal has 8 different lobe patterns, the latter being selected at the radar receiver as heretofore explained.

Output relay chassis The input to the relay chassis 37 comprises a plurality of target signals that may vary from one to three, the quantity being controlled at the signal switching panel 35. Each target signal, as has been heretofore explained, comprises 8 different signals, each separate and distinct as each lobe pattern is separate and distinct. There is one complete output relay chassis for each radar receiver, the block diagram in Figure 9 showing the circuit for a single output relay chassis. Although 8 lines are shown at the input, a total of 3 target signals, or 24 separate and distinct signals will always occur at a different time because they will be made to represent targets at different ranges. Each signal input is fed to a separate cathode follower circuit 170 which is normally biased beyond cut-olf. Also feeding into each cathode follower circuit 170 are bias control lines from the radar receiver antenna control switches, eight in all since each receiver may have 8 different antenna combinations, or 8 different lobe patterns. When the trainee at the radar receiver places the antenna switch at one position, it causes the cut-off bias to be removed from the tube in that particular cathode follower circuit thereby permitting only that signal to be passed into the radar receiver.

Variable phase shift circuit The variable phase shift circuit appearing as 62 in the pulse recurrence frequency chassis 17 (Figure 3), and as 120 in the lobe pattern generator 29 (Figure 6), will now be explained in detail. This circuit was devised to repiace the conventional center-tapped transformer phase shift circuit due to the fact that such a circuit absorbs too much power for the present application. Our phase shift circuit absorbs very little power and is well suited for many applications other than herein described. Referring to Figure l1, a circuit diagram of our phase shifter is disclosed. The values of condenser 250 and resistor 251 are not critical but resistor 251 is usually of such value as to present a high impedence to the input. The values of resistors 252 and 253 are not critical and are dependent upon the type of vacuum tube to be used; however, the values of 252 and 253 should be equal. 255 is a variable resistor, the value of which 1i6 may be changed to obtain the phase angle shift that is desired. The condenser 256 may be made variable and resistor 255 made fixed, or if desired, both the condenser 256 and resistor 255 may be made variable. The

' amplitude of the sine wave at the cathode and anode of the vacuum tube 254 are equal and 180 out of phase with respect to each other. These voltages are fed simultaneously to the network comprising resistor 255 and cmdenser 256 through which the phase shift action takes p ace.

Cathode follower circuit The use of the cathode follower circuit in our device is very widespread. It is a known fact that a cathode follower circuit utilizes voltage feedback, thus allowing the grid to be driven Very far positive before grid conduction occurs, but may be driven negative only as far as cutoff. If then the grid is biased positively a much larger signal may be accommodated without introducing distortion. Furthermore, it means that a very large negative going signal such as a pulse may be applied to the grid of a cathode follower, and a large, undistorted negative going signal obtained at the output. Figure 12 illustrates our cathode follower circuit in which the resistor 261 is of a very large value compared to resistor 262.

Phase discriminating circuit This circuit comprises the two squaring stages 108, and the D. C. restorer and filtering circuit 109 of Figure 5. Referring to Figure 13a, each squaring circuit 108 and 110 may consist of as many tubes as are necessary to produce square waves with substantially square sides. Bias voltages on these tubes are adjusted so that the width of the positive and negative portions of the square waves will be equal. The voltage wave forms from each squaring stage are thus made identical as possible with respect to width and amplitude. The outputs of the two squaring stages are added together and fed to a D. C. restorer. As the output of the D. C. restorer gives a peak voltage, the output of the filter will be nearly constant except when the two sine waves are out of phase. At this instant the two square waves produced cancel one another and the voltage output is zero. The block diagram for this arrangement is shown in Figure l3a, while Figure 13b is a graphical illustration of how the D. C. voltage drops to zero when the phase difference of the two input waves is lf desired however the waveform produced by adding the output of squaring stages 108 and 110 may be applied to a rectifier wherein the voltage output will be proportional to the area of the waveform. The voltage obtained thereby may be applied to a suitable indicating means calibrated to read phase difference directly.

Lobe pattern generator circuits It has been previously stated that the purpose of the lobe pattern generator 29 is to obtain a plurality of wave forms that will represent the lobe patterns of a radio object locating system antenna or antennas. The circuits for accomplishing this end will now be reviewed. A glance at the block diagram of the lobe pattern generator illustrated in Figure 6 and the discussion of the theory shows the necessity for locking together the oscillators. Generally speaking this is accomplished by feeding a locking voltage into a conventional squaring circuit and thence through a short time-constant circuit, the output of which is a positive and negative going pulse. These pulses are then fed into the oscillator which is thereby locked to the frequency of the locking voltage. Instead of a positive and negative going pulse to be fed to the oscillator, a positive pulse would sufce. The pulse may be fed to any element of the oscillator tube as well as to either the suppressor grid or the control grid of the oscillator, although if fed to the suppressor grid less distortion will result. In our specic embodiment there exists a plurality of oscillators, the frequency of each being a multiple or sub-multiple of the frequency to which the oscillators are to be locked. The locking is accomplished by means of a sharp pulse in such a manner that the outputs of the oscillators have any desired phase relationship with respect to each other. Referring to Figure 14 in which is shown such a circuit diagram, the locking voltage is fed into a transformer 270 which is part of a phase shift circuit comprising condenser 271, and resistors 272 and 273. Cir- 

